Sources:

9 James Grehan, "Street Violence and Social Imagination in Late-Mamluk and Ottoman Damascus (Ca. 1500-1800)," International Journal of Middle East Studies 35 (2003), James Grehan, Everyday Life and Consumer Culture in 18th-Century Damascus (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007):86–91, ; Dana Sajdi, "Peripheral Visions: The Worlds and Worldviews of Commoner Chroniclers in the 18th Century Ottoman Levant," (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2002):170 Grehan's data is mostly based on al-Budayrī and Burayk. Sajdi mentions only one, undated, bread riot based on al-Budayrī. 6 Jean-Pierre Thieck, "Décentralisation ottomane et affirmation urbaine à Alep à la fin du XVIIIème siècle," in Mouvements communautaires et Espaces urbains au Machreq (Beirut: CERMOC, 1985):§148 10 Yücel Yesilgöz and Frank Bovenkerk, "Urban Knights and Rebels in the Ottoman Empire," in Organised Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond, ed. Cyrill Fijnaut and Letizia Paoli (Dordrecht: Springer, 2004):211, {Ağır 2010@40 **not found** } 11 Thomas Philipp, Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730-1831 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001):124 12 Thomas Philipp, Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730-1831 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001):176 13 Johann Büssow and Khaled Safi, Damascus Affairs: Egyptian Rule in Syria Through the Eyes of an Anonymous Damascene Chronicler, 1831-1841 (Würzburg: Ergon, 2012):59–61 16 Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840-1861 (Oxford, 1968):185 18 Linda Schatkowski Schilcher, Families in Politics: Damascene Factions and Estates of the 18th and 19th Centuries (Stuttgart: Steiner-Verlag-Wiesbaden, 1985):98 34 My own research 27 Ervand Abrahamian, "The Crowd in the Persian Revolution," Iranian Studies 2, no. 4 (1969), Vanessa Martin, "Women and Popular Protest: Women's Demonstrations in Nineteenth-Century Iran," in Subalterns and Social Protest: History from Below in the Middle East and North Africa, ed. Stephanie Cronin (London, New York: Routledge, 2008):50–66 35 Elizabeth Thompson, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000):21, James L. Gelvin, Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998):45 36 Elizabeth Thompson, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000):221 37 Elizabeth Thompson, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000):vi, 233–234, , , , with reference to Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate and Wilmington, Middle East Supply Centre, 25,127. 23 Johann Büssow, Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908 (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2011):224 20 Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists, and Free Officers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978):470, ; , referencing French consular reports. 8 {Ağır 2010@38-39 **not found** }, referencing "BA, CB, 5243 and BA, HH, no. 10794A (1211) [1796-97] cited in Şaşmazer (2000: 117–18)" and "BA, HH. 55177 (1204) [1795], BA,CB, 5243 and BA, HH, no. 10794A (1211) [1796-97] cited in Thornton (2000: 117–18)". 7 , referencing "BBA, Ḫaṭṭ-ı Hümāyūn, no. 16066 (1204)", "BBA, Ḫaṭṭ-ı Hümāyūn, no. 55177 (1204), Cevdet, Tarih III, p. 1484, BBA, Cevdet-Belediye, no. 5243 (1210), BBA, Ḫaṭṭ-ı Hümāyūn, no. 10794A (1211)". 32 , referencing al-Ittiḥād al-ʿUthmānī "14 November 1915". 22 24 29